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FS exam guide

What to expect, what it costs, and how to register. Verified 2026-08-28.

Overview

  • NCEES FS EXAM — RESEARCH SUMMARY (verified 2026-08-28)
  • EXAM STRUCTURE (official NCEES CBT specs)
  • •Format: Computer-based (CBT), year-round at Pearson VUE test centers; closed book with searchable electronic reference on screen; SI and US customary units both used
  • •Questions: 110
  • •Appointment: 6 hours total = 2 min NDA + 8 min tutorial + 5 hr 20 min exam + 25 min scheduled break
  • •Results: pass/fail, typically 7–10 business days; diagnostic report only if you fail
  • KNOWLEDGE AREAS + QUESTION RANGES (from official NCEES FS CBT Exam Specifications PDF)
  • 1. Surveying Processes and Methods — 16–24
  • 2. Mapping Processes and Methods — 14–21
  • 3. Boundary Law and Real Property Principles — 19–29 (largest area)
  • 4. Surveying Principles — 13–20
  • 5. Survey Computations and Computer Applications — 17–26
  • 6. Business Concepts — 11–17
  • 7. Applied Mathematics and Statistics — 10–15

Pass Rate

  • •NCEES reports pass/fail only, no fixed cut score published. Commonly cited average first-time-taker pass rate: ~66% (PPI, citing NCEES data). Texas board stats (2024) also publish per-administration FS numbers.

Reference Handbook

  • •NCEES FS Reference Handbook, version 2.x series (v2.0 widely circulated; v2.4 is the most recent version publicly referenced). It is the ONLY reference allowed (supplied onscreen). Free PDF download via your MyNCEES account — always use the version current at your exam date.

Registration + Cost

  • •Create MyNCEES account at account.ncees.org → register for FS → pay fee → schedule at Pearson VUE
  • •Fee: $225 payable directly to NCEES (state board fees may apply separately)
  • •Some jurisdictions require board approval first; Georgia does NOT — the GA board "no longer approves candidates" to sit, so you can register with NCEES directly

Recommended Prep Resources

  • •NCEES FS Interactive Practice Exam (official, via MyNCEES)
  • •Ghilani & Wolf, "Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics" (16th ed. current) — core theory text
  • •Kavanagh & Mastin, "Surveying: Principles and Applications" — core theory text
  • •Jan Van Sickle, "Surveying Solved Problems" 5th ed. (PPI) — 900+ FS/PS problems
  • •George M. Cole, "PPI Fundamentals of Surveying Practice Exam" 5th ed.
  • •Cole/Harbin, "PPI Surveyor Reference Manual" 7th ed.
  • •Dane Courville, "Fundamentals of Surveying: Exam Study Manual"
  • •PPI (ppi2pass.com) FS/PS bundles + Learning Hub; NLC Prep FS course (nlcprep.com); Van Sickle's "GPS for Land Surveyors" / "Basic GIS Coordinates" often added for datums/geodesy. (Mansour's surveying prep = commonly cited PS/FS review books on Amazon; PPI titles above are the most-recommended core.)
  • •Recommended study time: ~300 hours (PPI)

Georgia (G)apels/pels Board) LSIT Steps

  • 1. Meet education: min 18 semester hours of board-approved land surveying coursework (approved GA programs: Univ. of North Georgia, Georgia Southern, Kennesaw State); pathways = BS in approved curriculum, OR associate degree + 2 yrs experience, OR HS diploma + 4 yrs experience
  • 2. Take FS directly through NCEES (no board pre-approval required)
  • 3. After passing FS, submit LSIT application to GA Board of PE & LS (Georgia SOS, 237 Coliseum Dr, Macon GA 31217; newer filings via SOS Evoke system): form "09 LSIT Application," $25 + $10 processing fee, transcripts, and 5 endorsements (≥3 from registered active land surveyors, none related to you)
  • 4. Toward PLS: progressive experience incl. 2-year apprenticeship (Surveyor Apprenticeship Affidavit), pass NCEES PS + Georgia state-specific exam (PSI), submit 4 survey plats (2 boundary, 2 topographic), Experience/Education Summary forms
  • (Note: the posted LSIT PDF still shows legacy paper-exam deadlines; current process is CBT year-round per the board's 2024 applicant update.)

References used in this site

294 sources cited across the question bank.

Show all sources
  1. 12Point Inc. — Who Owns the Road: the Centerline Presumption & Public Streets
  2. 23M Summary and FAQs - 23 CFR Part 634 Worker Visibility
  3. 343 U.S.C. 751 - Rules of survey (Cornell LII)
  4. 443 U.S.C. 752 - Boundaries and contents of public lands; how ascertained (Cornell LII / uscode.house.gov)
  5. 543 U.S.C. 772 - Resurveys or retracements; protection of bona fide rights (uscode.house.gov)
  6. 6AIA Contract Documents - Claims-Made vs. Occurrence-Based Policies
  7. 7ALTA Land Title Institute, Course 2 Chapter 9 — Water Rights and Related Issues
  8. 8ALTA/NSPS Minimum Standard Detail Requirements for Land Title Surveys (2021) — Relative Positional Precision standard
  9. 9ASPRS Positional Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data, Edition 1, Version 1.0 (November 2014)
  10. 10ASPRS Positional Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data, Edition 2 (2023)
  11. 11Aerial Mapping: Methods and Applications, Ch. 9 Photo Scale Selection (C-factor tables), CRC Press
  12. 12American Land Title Association / NSPS — Minimum Standard Detail Requirements for ALTA/NSPS Land Title Surveys (2021)
  13. 13ArcMap Documentation — Lidar Point Classification (ASPRS LAS codes)
  14. 14Atlas GIS Basics Course — 19.1 LiDAR Fundamentals
  15. 15Attorneys' Title Guaranty Fund - Illinois Surveys and Land Surveyor Regulation (Rozny v. Marnul)
  16. 16BLM Manual of Surveying Instructions 1973, Chapter 5 - Restoration of Lost Corners (cadastral.com)
  17. 17BLM Manual of Surveying Instructions 1973, Chapter 6 - Resurveys (cadastral.com)
  18. 18BLM Manual of Surveying Instructions 2009 (official PDF)
  19. 19BLM Manual of Surveying Instructions, Chapter 5 — Restoration of Lost or Obliterated Corners (full text via cadastral.com)
  20. 20BLM National Training Center, Module 2: The Public Land Survey System Study Guide
  21. 21Borax Consolidated v. Los Angeles, 296 U.S. 10 (1935) — case brief (Lawpipe)
  22. 22Brown, Robillard & Wilson — Boundary Control and Legal Principles (principles corroborated via Pehr/PLSC paper)
  23. 23Brown, Robillard & Wilson, Boundary Control and Legal Principles (order of calls, original monuments control, riparian accretion/avulsion)
  24. 24Caltrans LS/LSIT Exam Preparation Course — Unit 9: Photogrammetry (Keith W. Spencer mirror)
  25. 25Circular Curves (CE Engineering Design Resources / MATHalino compilation PDF)
  26. 26CivilDigital — Bearings & Azimuths in Surveying: Calculation & Conversion
  27. 27CivilDigital — Bearings & Azimuths in Surveying: Calculation and Conversion
  28. 28Continuing Education - Georgia Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Board (GAPELS)
  29. 29Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model (NGS)
  30. 30Cornell Law School LII Wex - Statute of Frauds
  31. 31Cornell Law School LII Wex — Statute of Frauds
  32. 32DJI Enterprise Insights — Ground Sample Distance
  33. 33DarrowEverett — Easements: How They're Established, Extinguished, & More
  34. 34Deeds.com — Warranty Deed: What It Is, Six Covenants & General vs Special
  35. 35DiBiase, The Nature of Geographic Information, Chapter 6: National Spatial Data Infrastructure I (EO 12906, NSDI framework themes)
  36. 36Direct Line Software — Surveying Units and Terms
  37. 37EPSG:2239 NAD83 / Georgia East (ftUS) - epsg.io
  38. 38EPSG:2240 NAD83 / Georgia West (ftUS) - epsg.io
  39. 39ESA Navipedia - Positioning Error (DOP definitions and formulas)
  40. 40ESE Notes — Measurement of Area and Volume (Mid-Ordinate, Average Offset, Trapezoidal, Simpson's Rules)
  41. 41ESE Notes — Traverse Survey (Latitude and Departure, Closing Error, Relative Precision, Bowditch's Rule, Transit Rule)
  42. 42EZ-PDH Course LS1006 Aerial Photogrammetry (based on USACE EM 1110-1-1000 Photogrammetric Mapping)
  43. 43EZ-pdh.com - Public Land Survey Help (BLM manual summary)
  44. 44Esri ArcGIS Desktop documentation: Shapefile file extensions (mandatory .shp/.shx/.dbf, nontopological format)
  45. 45EstatePass — Essential Elements of a Valid Deed
  46. 46FAA - WAAS How It Works
  47. 47FAA — Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Regulations (Part 107) summary
  48. 48FAQ for the Georgia Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Board (Georgia Secretary of State)
  49. 49FGCC, Standards and Specifications for Geodetic Control Networks (1984)
  50. 50FGCC/FGCS Standards and Specifications for Geodetic Control Networks (1984), NOAA/NGS
  51. 51FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM), FGDC-STD-001-1998
  52. 52FGDC Geospatial Metadata Standards and Guidelines (ISO 19115 transition)
  53. 53FGDC Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards, Part 3: National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA), Chapter 3
  54. 54FGDC-STD-007.3-1998, Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards Part 3: National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA), Chapter 3
  55. 55FS Exam | NCEES (exam format and reference handbook policy)
  56. 56Federal Judicial Center — Overview of Surface Water Use Rights in the United States
  57. 57Federal Register — Deprecation of the United States (U.S.) Survey Foot (85 FR 62698)
  58. 58Federal Register: Updated Implementation Timeline for the Modernized National Spatial Reference System (Oct 9, 2024)
  59. 59GA Board Rule 180-12-.02 - Sealing of Documents
  60. 60GA Board Rule 180-7-.03 - Measurements-Horizontal
  61. 61GA Board Rule 180-7-.06 - Coordinates and Triangulation
  62. 62GA Board Rule 180-7-.09 - Global Positioning Systems
  63. 63GA Board Rule Chapter 180-11 - Continuing Professional Competency
  64. 64GA Board Rule Chapter 180-4 - Land Surveyor and Land Surveyor Intern (qualifications, apprenticeship)
  65. 65GA Board Rule Chapter 180-7 - Technical Standards for Property Surveys
  66. 66GA PLS Laws and Rules 2025 V5 (Georgia Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Board compilation)
  67. 67GA Rules & Regs Chapter 180-12 - Sealing of Documents (Georgia Secretary of State)
  68. 68GA Rules & Regs Chapter 180-7 - Technical Standards for Property Surveys (Georgia Secretary of State)
  69. 69GA Rules Department 180 - Georgia Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Board (chapter index)
  70. 70GEOG 862 - Differencing (single, double, triple differences)
  71. 71GEOG 862 - Drawing the Baselines (independent vs trivial baselines, loop closure)
  72. 72GEOG 862 - Height Conversion (H = h - N)
  73. 73GEOG 862 - More About Code Chips
  74. 74GEOG 862 - Multipath
  75. 75GEOG 862 - The Carrier Phase Observable / Integer Ambiguity
  76. 76GEOG 862 - The Control Segment
  77. 77GEOG 862 - The Ionospheric Effect, d_ion
  78. 78GEOG 862 - The Orbital Bias
  79. 79GEOG 862 - The Satellite Clock Bias, dt (relativistic effects)
  80. 80GEOG 862 - The Tropospheric Effect, d_trop
  81. 81GEOG 862: GPS and GNSS for Geospatial Professionals (Jan Van Sickle, Penn State) - The Error Budget
  82. 82GEOID18 README (NGS)
  83. 83GEOID18 Technical Details (National Geodetic Survey)
  84. 84GIS Geography - GPS Accuracy: HDOP, PDOP, GDOP & Multipath
  85. 85GIS Geography: How Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Works (60 zones, 6-degree width, k0=0.9996, false easting/northing)
  86. 86GPS.gov - Control Segment
  87. 87GPS.gov - GPS Accuracy (SPS Performance Standard, Selective Availability)
  88. 88GPS.gov - Space Segment
  89. 89GRAV-D: Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (NGS)
  90. 90Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. Chapter 180-7, Technical Standards for Property Surveys (Georgia Secretary of State, Rules and Regulations)
  91. 91Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.01 Preamble (Cornell LII)
  92. 92Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.02 - Land Titles and Location (Cornell LII)
  93. 93Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.02 Land Titles and Location (Cornell LII)
  94. 94Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.03 - Measurements-Horizontal (Cornell LII)
  95. 95Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.03 Measurements-Horizontal (Justia Regulations)
  96. 96Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.04 - Measurements-Vertical (Cornell LII)
  97. 97Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.04 Topography and Vertical Measurements (Cornell LII)
  98. 98Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.05 Monuments (Cornell LII / Justia)
  99. 99Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.06 Coordinates and Triangulation (Justia Regulations)
  100. 100Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.07 - Maps and Plats (Cornell LII)
  101. 101Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.07 Maps and Plats (Justia Regulations / Cornell LII)
  102. 102Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.08 Violations (Justia Regulations)
  103. 103Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. R. 180-7-.09 Global Positioning Systems (Justia Regulations)
  104. 104Geography Realm: State Plane Coordinate System
  105. 105Georgia PELS Board - Land Surveyor Information (licensure requirements, application documents, SB 195)
  106. 106Georgia Plat Act - O.C.G.A. 15-6-67 (Georgia Secretary of State PDF)
  107. 107Georgia Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Board (home: HB 476, board composition, Evoke portal, SB 125/SB 195)
  108. 108Ghilani & Wolf — Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (background reference for COGO, curve, and traverse formulas)
  109. 109Ghilani & Wolf, Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (Pearson)
  110. 110Ghilani & Wolf, Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (Pearson) — traverse computation, DMD, and curve chapters (conventions cross-checked)
  111. 111Ghilani & Wolf, Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (field notes chapter)
  112. 112Ghilani & Wolf, Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (photogrammetry chapter — vertical photo scale, relief displacement, parallax, crab/drift, flight planning)
  113. 113Ghilani, Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis, 6th ed. (Wiley) — Ch. 7 Error Propagation
  114. 114Ghilani, C. & Wolf, P., Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (PLSS chapter - convergence of meridians formulas)
  115. 115Ghilani, C. & Wolf, P., Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (chapters on geodesy, ellipsoids, and State Plane Coordinates)
  116. 116Ghilani, C. D., & Wolf, P. R., Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (chapters on State Plane/map projections, coordinate transformations, and Introduction to GIS)
  117. 117Ghilani, C. D., and Wolf, P. R., Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (Pearson)
  118. 118Ghilani, C.D. & Wolf, P.R., Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (GNSS chapters: observables, error sources, static/kinematic methods, network design)
  119. 119HandWiki — Minute and second of arc (206,264.8″ per radian)
  120. 120Hunter College: Universal Transverse Mercator and Universal Polar Stereographic Systems
  121. 121International GNSS Service (IGS) - Products (orbit/clock accuracies and latencies)
  122. 122James B. Wright & Associates — Boundary Disputes: Following the Footsteps of the Original Surveyor (Cragin v. Powell, 128 U.S. 691)
  123. 123Jerry Mahun - ALTA/NSPS Position Standards (Mentor Monday presentation)
  124. 124Jerry Mahun — ALTA/NSPS Position Standards (Mentor Monday presentation)
  125. 125Jerry Mahun — ALTA/NSPS Position Standards (Mentor Monday slides)
  126. 126Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — COGO Ch. B: Intersections
  127. 127Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Chapter B. Vertical Curves
  128. 128Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Chapter C. Horizontal Curves
  129. 129Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Elevations, Ch. E: Level Network Adjustment
  130. 130Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Errors, Ch. F: Error Propagation
  131. 131Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Photogrammetry Chapter C: Single Vertical Photo
  132. 132Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Photogrammetry Chapter F: Parallax
  133. 133Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Traverse Computations Ch. G: Area
  134. 134Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Traverse Computations, Ch. E: Traverse Adjustment
  135. 135Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Traverse Computations, Chapter B. Balancing Angles
  136. 136Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Traverse Computations, Chapter E. Traverse Adjustment
  137. 137Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Traverse Computations, Chapter F. Coordinates (forward/inverse)
  138. 138Jerry Mahun, Open Access Surveying Library — Traverse Computations, Chapter G. Area (coordinates and DMD)
  139. 139Kavanagh — Surveying: Principles and Applications (background reference for units, angles, and area methods)
  140. 140Kavanagh, B. F., Surveying: Principles and Applications (Pearson)
  141. 141Kavanagh, B., Surveying: Principles and Applications (GIS/LIS and mapping chapters)
  142. 142Land Surveyor Information - Georgia Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Board (GAPELS)
  143. 143Land Surveyor Liability White Paper (LSA/CTS)
  144. 144LearnCST — Error Definitions for Land Surveyors
  145. 145LegalClarity — What Is a Meander Line and How Does It Affect Property?
  146. 146Leica Prism Constant Explained — Laser Surveying Equipment (Cody Corporation)
  147. 147Levelset - Guide to Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Construction
  148. 148Lexplug — Recording Statutes (Race, Notice, Race-Notice)
  149. 149MATHalino — Simple Curves (Circular Curves)
  150. 150MDOT Part VI: Boundary Surveying (Michigan DOT standard plan document)
  151. 151MathWorks - GPS Signals (frequencies, codes, navigation message)
  152. 152Mathwords / Cerritos College — Inscribed Angle and Circle Theorems
  153. 153Mathwords — Segment of a Circle: Area = (1/2)r^2(theta - sin theta)
  154. 154Minnesota GLO Public Land Survey Glossary (MnGeo)
  155. 155Monograph - Engineering Contract Types Guide
  156. 156NAPGD2022 Home (NGS Beta)
  157. 157NATRF2022, PATRF2022, CATRF2022, and MATRF2022 (NGS Beta)
  158. 158NCEES Continuing Professional Competency Guidelines (August 2025)
  159. 159NCEES Continuing Professional Competency Standard (2024)
  160. 160NCEES Exams overview
  161. 161NCEES FS CBT Exam Specifications (2024 posting)
  162. 162NCEES FS CBT Exam Specifications (effective 2024)
  163. 163NCEES FS Exam page (format, timing, fees)
  164. 164NCEES FS Exam page
  165. 165NCEES FS Reference Handbook (electronic reference supplied during CBT exam)
  166. 166NCEES FS Reference Handbook (v2.4, mirrored)
  167. 167NCEES FS Reference Handbook v2.x (exam-supplied electronic reference; index of included topics)
  168. 168NCEES FS exam
  169. 169NCEES Fundamentals of Surveying (FS) CBT Exam Specifications (2024)
  170. 170NCEES Fundamentals of Surveying (FS) CBT Exam Specifications (2024)
  171. 171NCEES Fundamentals of Surveying (FS) CBT Exam Specifications
  172. 172NCEES Fundamentals of Surveying (FS) CBT Exam Specifications
  173. 173NCEES Model Law, September 2021
  174. 174NCEES Model Rules (Section 240.15 Rules of Professional Conduct), August 2019
  175. 175NCEES PS Reference Handbook (rev. 2016) — curvature/refraction, taping, and EDM formulas shared with the FS Reference Handbook
  176. 176NCEES PS exam
  177. 177NCEES Records program
  178. 178NGS Frequently Asked Questions: Datums
  179. 179NGS Geodesy for the Layman, Chapter IV: Geodetic Systems
  180. 180NGS Geodetic Toolkit Part 7: Computing State Plane Coordinates (David Doyle, Professional Surveyor)
  181. 181NGS New Datums: Replacing NAVD 88 and NAD 83 (National Geodetic Survey)
  182. 182NGS Web Services: API for NCAT (NADCON 5.0 / VERTCON 3.0)
  183. 183NIST — U.S. Survey Foot: Frequently Asked Questions
  184. 184NOAA Manual NOS NGS 5: State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 (James E. Stem)
  185. 185NOAA NGS - About OPUS (Online Positioning User Service)
  186. 186NOAA NGS - User Guidelines for Single Base Real Time GNSS Positioning v3.1 (NOS NGS 9, April 2014)
  187. 187NOAA Ocean Service — A Tale of Two Feet
  188. 188NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NGS-8: Establishment of Calibration Base Lines
  189. 189NOAA/NOS VDatum: A Tutorial on Datums
  190. 190NSPE - Licensure by Comity
  191. 191NSPS Creed and Canons - National Society of Professional Surveyors
  192. 192National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS) - Geography Realm
  193. 193National Research Council, Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre (1983); companion to Need for a Multipurpose Cadastre (1980)
  194. 194Northstar Financial Advisory - AE Firm Financial Metrics (Net Multiplier, Overhead Rate)
  195. 195NovAtel - An Introduction to GNSS: GLONASS
  196. 196NovAtel - An Introduction to GNSS: GPS constellation
  197. 197NovAtel - An Introduction to GNSS: Galileo
  198. 198NovAtel - Pseudorange and Carrier Phase measurements
  199. 199O.C.G.A. 15-6-67 (Cobb County Superior Court Clerk copy)
  200. 200O.C.G.A. 15-6-67 - Recordation of plats and condominium plans; specifications (2024 Georgia Code, Justia)
  201. 201O.C.G.A. 15-6-67 - Recordation of plats and condominium plans; specifications (Justia, 2024 Georgia Code)
  202. 202O.C.G.A. 15-6-67 - Requirements for maps and plats filed with clerk of superior court
  203. 203O.C.G.A. 15-6-67, Georgia Plat Act text (Georgia Secretary of State PDF)
  204. 204O.C.G.A. 43-15-12 - Reserved by SB 195 effective July 1, 2024 (Justia)
  205. 205O.C.G.A. 43-15-13 - Licensure as a professional land surveyor; land surveyor intern certification (Justia, current)
  206. 206O.C.G.A. 43-15-13 - Licensure as professional land surveyor; land surveyor intern certification
  207. 207O.C.G.A. 43-15-13 - Professional Land Surveyor License; Eligibility (2022 Georgia Code, Justia)
  208. 208O.C.G.A. 43-15-13.1 - Surveyors engaged in stormwater management and water/sewer design
  209. 209O.C.G.A. 43-15-14 - Examinations (Justia)
  210. 210O.C.G.A. 43-15-16 - Registration and licensure by comity
  211. 211O.C.G.A. 43-15-2 - Definitions (2024 Georgia Code, Justia)
  212. 212O.C.G.A. 43-15-2 - Definitions
  213. 213O.C.G.A. 43-15-2 - Definitions, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors (Justia, 2024 Georgia Code)
  214. 214O.C.G.A. 43-15-22 - Registrant or licensee required to obtain seal; inscription; purpose; fraudulent use of seal (Justia)
  215. 215O.C.G.A. 43-15-22 - Seals; fraudulent use
  216. 216O.C.G.A. 43-15-23.1 - Land surveying firms; certificate of authorization
  217. 217O.C.G.A. 43-15-29 - Exceptions to operation of chapter (Justia)
  218. 218O.C.G.A. 43-15-3 - Creation of board; members (2010 Georgia Code, Justia)
  219. 219O.C.G.A. 43-15-3 - State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers; members (Justia, current)
  220. 220O.C.G.A. 44-2-1 - Where and when deeds recorded; priority as to subsequent deeds taken without notice from same vendor (Justia)
  221. 221O.C.G.A. 44-2-2 - Duty of clerk to record; priority of recorded instruments; effect of recording between parties (Justia)
  222. 222O.C.G.A. 44-4-20 - Designation of Georgia state plane coordinate system; East and West Zones (2024 Georgia Code, Justia)
  223. 223O.C.G.A. 44-4-21 - Georgia State Plane Coordinate System zone designations
  224. 224O.C.G.A. 44-4-24 (2019) - Zones precisely defined, Georgia Coordinate System of 1985 (Justia)
  225. 225O.C.G.A. 44-4-24 (2024) - Recordation of coordinates prohibited unless connected to monumented control (Justia)
  226. 226O.C.G.A. 44-4-24 - Zones precisely defined (2019 Georgia Code, Justia)
  227. 227O.C.G.A. 44-4-27 (2024) - Conversion of distances between meters and feet (Justia)
  228. 228O.C.G.A. Title 43, Chapter 15 - Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors (section index)
  229. 229O.C.G.A. Title 44, Chapter 4, Article 2 - State Plane Coordinate System (Justia, 2024 Georgia Code)
  230. 230OSHA 29 CFR 1926.651 - Specific Excavation Requirements
  231. 231OSHA Trenching and Excavation Safety Fact Sheet
  232. 232PDHonline Course L118 - The U.S. Public Land Survey System
  233. 233PDHonline Course L135 — Adverse Possession: An Advanced Study
  234. 234PDHonline Course L152 — Boundary Monuments: Artificial and Natural Markers
  235. 235PLS Licensure Laws and Board Rules 2025 - State of Georgia (official compiled laws/rules PDF)
  236. 236PMI - Critical Path Method Calculations (Project Schedule Terminology)
  237. 237PSI - Georgia Land Surveyor state-specific exams (GALS)
  238. 238PSU GEOG 862 - SPCS elevation/combined factor pages
  239. 239PSU GEOG 862 GPS/GNSS for Geospatial Professionals (Jan Van Sickle) - Ellipsoids/GRS80 node
  240. 240PSU GEOG 862 Lesson 6: State Plane Coordinates and Heights
  241. 241Pehr, Boundary Location in Sequence and Simultaneous Conveyances (Professional Land Surveyors of Colorado)
  242. 242Penn State GEOG 892 (Geospatial Applications of UAS) — Imagery Geo-location (interior/exterior orientation, aerotriangulation)
  243. 243Penn State GEOG 892 — Common Error Estimation Terms
  244. 244Pima County, AZ — Orthophotography Definitions (orthophoto, DEM, DTM, breaklines)
  245. 245Priority of Calls in Land Surveying: Rules of Construction Explained — Washington Surveyor
  246. 246Prodyogi — Area Computation in Surveying: Simpson's One-Third Rule
  247. 247Purdue University (J. Bethel) — Adjustment Computations course notes
  248. 248Results of the General Adjustment of the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (Zilkoski, Richards & Young, NGS)
  249. 249Robillard, Wilson & Brown — Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location (evidence classifications and retracement doctrine)
  250. 250SEG Wiki Dictionary: Geodetic Latitude
  251. 251Saylor Academy — Advanced Business Law, Ch. 27.1: Estates in Real Property
  252. 252School of PE - FS Exam overview (format, AIT question types, topic areas)
  253. 253Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin Manual — Brief Introduction to Remote Sensing
  254. 254State Plane Coordinate System of 2022 Policy (NGS 2019-1214-01)
  255. 255State Plane Coordinates: Geodetic Azimuths and Grid Azimuths (Jan Van Sickle, Geo Week News)
  256. 256Summary of New Plat Recording Procedure - HB 76, Georgia Plat and Condominium Plan Recording Act of 2017 (Troup County, GA)
  257. 257Summary of New Plat Recording Procedure - OCGA 15-6-67, the Georgia Plat and Condominium Plan Act (Troup County, GA)
  258. 258Survey Bible - GNSS Survey Methods (Static/Rapid-Static/RTK/PPK/Network RTK/PPP)
  259. 259Survey Bible — Boundary Law: Acquiescence & Practical Location
  260. 260Survey Bible — Least Squares Adjustment
  261. 261Survey Bible — Legal Descriptions: Metes & Bounds
  262. 262Survey Bible — Statistics for Surveyors (Error Theory & Measurement Statistics)
  263. 263Survey Bible: Scale Factors - Geodesy for Surveyors
  264. 264Tape correction (surveying) — Wikipedia
  265. 265Texas Real Estate Research Center (TAMU) Pub. 2361 — Moving Water: Boundary Changes and Property Rights
  266. 266The ASPRS Positional Accuracy Standards, Edition 2 — LIDAR Magazine overview
  267. 267Thomson Reuters - The Essential Elements of a Contract
  268. 268TimeTools - What is GPS Time?
  269. 269Total Station Errors — GIS Resources
  270. 270Township America - Principal Meridian (PLSS Glossary)
  271. 271TxDOT Roadway Design Manual — 4.8.2 Vertical Curves (K value, E = AL/800)
  272. 272U.S. Army FM 5-233, Construction Surveying — Chapter 3: Curves
  273. 273U.S. Small Business Administration - Choose a Business Structure
  274. 274USGS 3D Elevation Program — Topographic Data Quality Levels (QLs)
  275. 275United States National Map Accuracy Standards (1947), USGS
  276. 276United States National Map Accuracy Standards (U.S. Bureau of the Budget, revised June 17, 1947) - USGS reproduction
  277. 277University of Memphis CE — Surveying: Traverse (course notes)
  278. 278Van Sickle, J., Basic GIS Coordinates (datums NAD27/NAD83/WGS84, SPCS, UTM)
  279. 279Van Sickle, J., GPS and GNSS for Land Surveyors (basis of PSU GEOG 862 course content cited above)
  280. 280Van Sickle, J., GPS for Land Surveyors / Basic GIS Coordinates (datums, heights, SPCS; basis of PSU GEOG 862 and Geo Week columns)
  281. 281WSDOT Highway Surveying Manual M22-97, Chapter 5 (PLSS)
  282. 282Western AgCredit — Land Measures and Surveying (units table)
  283. 283Wikibooks — Fundamentals of Transportation / Vertical Curves
  284. 284Wikipedia - Public Land Survey System
  285. 285Wikipedia - Statute of repose
  286. 286Wikipedia - Three-point estimation (PERT formulas)
  287. 287Wikipedia — Gunter's chain (66 ft, 100 links; 10 sq chains = 1 acre)
  288. 288Wikipedia — Gunter's chain
  289. 289Wikipedia — Shoelace formula
  290. 290Wikipedia — Tape correction (surveying)
  291. 291Wikipedia: National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929
  292. 292Wisconsin State Cartographer's Office: US Survey Foot to be Deprecated on December 31, 2022
  293. 293Wolf, Dewitt & Wilkinson, Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS, 4th ed. (tilted photo geometry, isocenter/nadir, orientation)
  294. 294xyHt — Error Ellipses